15 November 1999

02403/Anthropology

Unless otherwise noted, courses may be taken without prerequisites.

LOWER LEVEL

0002. Discovering Anthropology (1 s.h.) F S

This course is designed to allow students to explore Anthropology as a possible major and/or career path. It introduces the field of Anthropology in general and, subsequently, the sub-fields of the discipline (Social-cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, Biological Anthropology, Archaeology), and the specialized tracts that exist within the department (Human Biology and Visual Anthropology). Career paths and opportunities will be discussed and students will develop hypothetical course plans for a BA in Anthropology and subsequent career plans in conjunction with the faculty member/adviser in charge of the course. Students will sample departmental functions, may sit-in on a class of a selected course, participate in a field trip, or attend a relevant lecture or public presentation at area museums or professional gatherings.

C055. Fundamentals of Biological Anthropology (4 s.h.) F S SS Core:SB

Human populations, both past and present, are the focus of biological anthropology. In this course, the biological characteristics of human populations are studied in terms of their adaptive significance. Students will be introduced to concepts in medical and population genetics, review studies of human morphological and physiological variation, and learn basic concepts in evolutionary biology and human paleontology.

R060. Introduction to Anthropology: A Four-Field Integrated Approach to Race and Racism (3 s.h.) F S SS Core: IN/RS

This introductory Anthropology course is designed to introduce students to important scholarly and practical concepts in the study of "race" and racism historically and across cultures. It builds upon the important contributions of four-field anthropological practice to our understanding of the ways societies have constructed racial categories and meanings and deployed racialized hierarchies. Students will be asked to read a variety of basic materials in linguistics, biological anthropology, ethnology, and archaeology. This will be supplemented with student efforts to analyze popular representations of race to acquire a familiarity with the important debates in contemporary social science and politics.

C061. Cultures of the World (3 s.h.) F S SS Core: IS

An introductory survey of various cultures from different regions of the world. Ethnographic case studies will be compared to show diversity and continuity in human life styles. A major emphasis will be placed on the impact of transglobal economic, political, and sociocultural change in the 20th-century.

C064. American Culture (3 s.h.) F S SS Core: AC

This course will provide an overview of the anthropological view of American culture. Ethnographic views of particular lifestyle groups based on ethnicity, region, class, age, etc. will be explored. Studies of the historical development of relationships and conflicts between groups will also be included. These will be linked together by the literature on the overarching themes, values, rituals, and institutions which characterize the national culture.

C065. Origins of Cultural Diversity (3 s.h.) F S SS Core: IS

Many non-US cultures have long, distinguished histories which can be traced ultimately to a common origin. This course examines the evolution of these cultures through the use of archaeological and paleoanthropological data, which ranges from 4 million years ago to the time of recorded history. Topics include the emergence of culture, the spread of human populations throughout the world, the origins of agriculture, and the rise of civilizations. The persistence of hunter/gatherer and other small-scale societies into the 19th and 20th centuries is also investigated.

UPPER LEVEL

W120. Fundamentals of Cultural Anthropology (3 s.h.) F S SS Core: WI

A review of theoretical approaches to cultural anthropology. Designed for anthropology majors, but useful for students in other social sciences and the humanities. Emphasis on contrasting points of view and on the relationship between research methods and theoretical positions.

0124. Fundamentals of Archaeology (3 s.h.) F S SS

An introduction to the theories and methods used in archaeological anthropology. Topics include excavation techniques, analysis of material remains, and reconstruction of ancient cultural patterns.

0125. Fundamentals of Biological Anthropology (4 s.h.) F S SS

An introduction to the biological study of human populations, past and present. The biological characteristics of human populations are studied in terms of their adaptive significance. Includes basic genetics and the genetics of human groups. A review of modern human skeletal/muscular anatomy is followed by consideration of evolutionary changes in human lineage. Concludes with lectures on human growth and aging, human physiology, and human demography.

Note: Students should complete this course before enrolling in any other upper-level biological anthropology course.

0127. Fundamentals of Linguistic Anthropology (3 s.h.) F S SS

An exploration of basic linguistic concepts from a social and cultural anthropological perspective. Fundamentals of linguistic analyses, the study of language change and dialect variation, and issues in the ethnography of speaking.

0152. Political Anthropology: Traditional Societies and Modern States (3 s.h.) F

This course will examine the rise of political anthropology as a specialized field, in relation both to others within anthropology, as well as to the social sciences generally. This perspective will be achieved by a critical reading of some of the classical texts in the field in the light of recent developments in the relation between political economy and anthropology. Among the issues addressed will be: the nature of politics and under-development and the articulation of modes of production and social formation.

0158. Fundamentals of the Anthropology of Visual Communication (3 s.h.) F

Prerequisites: Anthropology R060, C061, or equivalent.

A survey of theoretical approaches to an anthropological understanding of visual/pictorial communication. Among the topics explored: theories of culture and communication, models of both social and visual communication, perception, cross-cultural aesthetics, non-verbal communication as well as photography, film, and mass media. Emphasis will be placed on the value of constructing ethnographies of visual/pictorial communication. This course has been designed for anthropology majors specializing in the studies of visual communication, but it is also useful for Sociology, FMA, and Mass Communication majors. Course consists of required readings, screenings, and active class participation. No exams. Students keep a journal and write several short papers.

0161. Human Paleontology (3 s.h.) F SS

Designed to familiarize students with both theoretical and methodological frameworks for interpreting the human fossil record with a review of the synthetic theory of evolution, socio-biological concepts, and procedures in taxonomy and phylogenetic reconstruction. Attention given to the origin of the human lineage and what the fossils of that lineage tell us about the evolution of anatomical systems that are peculiar to humans.

0162. Human Biology of Modern Populations (3 s.h.) S

An investigation of how physical anthropologists approach the study of living human populations. It will explore topics in population genetics, demography, physiology, growth and development, disease, nutrition, ecology, and energetics.

0163. Human Population Genetics (3 s.h.) F SS

This course is designed to acquaint the undergraduate major in Anthropology (especially those in the Human Biology specialization) with the fundamental concepts of population genetics with particular relevance to human genetics. Although the course, as indicated, has a particular emphasis on genetics, the influence of environmental effects will be especially appreciated in this course, as the impact of culture is so dramatic, even with respect to human genetic evolution.

0169. South American Archaeology (3 s.h.) F

A survey of prehistoric cultures of South America. Concentrates on (1) the initial entry and spread of human populations into South America and the West Indies, (2) origins of tropical and highland agriculture, (3) the rise of urbanism, civilization, and the state in the Andes, and (4) the impact of prehistoric cultures on the environment.

0172. Archaeology of North America (3 s.h.) S

This course surveys the cultural development of native peoples from the time of the initial colonization of North America to the historic period. The cultural diversity seen across the continent at any given point in time is dramatic and difficult to cover in detail within the scope of a single course. Common and contrasting themes in development are stressed and information is organized by cultural/geographic regions or "areas," and chronological periods. The emphasis of the course is on the peoples found north of Mexico.

0182. Folklore and Culture (3 s.h.) SS

This course investigates the cultural attributes, aspects, and functionings of folklore. Folklore is considered both as its own field and as a part of anthropology. The methods and theories of the field will be discussed. Special emphasis is placed on folktales, material culture (including folk-art), food ways, and the theoretical connections between folkloristics and the approaches of popular and mass culture studies. Ethnicities and regional subcultures will also be approached through our understanding of folklore and culture.

0205. Heritage Management in Archaeology (3 s.h.) S

The United States and other governments of the world have legal mandates to manage cultural resources on behalf of the public. This course focuses on the archaeological component of cultural resources management in the United States and its linkage with environmental and developmental planning. Participants are given a working knowledge of how the system works, and how to work within it as a professional through a series of readings, classroom discussions, and hands-on exercises. Topic coverage includes; relevant legislation; the phased approach to archaeological and historical research; state and federal review procedures; proposal writing; interacting with clients, native peoples, and the public; professional ethics and standards. The nature of heritage management in other countries is considered for comparative purposes and as a way of illuminating the historical, socio-economic, and legal factors that have shaped the practice in the United States.

Note: This course helps to satisfy topical requirements in the Anthropology major and the Environmental Studies major.

0210. Anthropology of Tourism (3 s.h.) F S

0211. Anthropology and Culture Change (3 s.h.) F S

Examines competing series of society and explanations of change and development. The first of the course exposes the network of assumptions underlying various theories of change and investigates their implications; it shows the commonality of social thought in different societies and challenges notions about the uniqueness of Western thought. The second half of the course deals with selected instances of historical change and transformation: the rise of capitalism, the colonial encounter and decolonization, the transition to socialism, and the crisis of modernity.

0212. Medical Anthropology (3 s.h.) F S

An integration of the cultural and biological perspectives on health, disease, and therapies developed from the anthropological study of human diversity. Evolving patterns of birth, disease, and death; the effects of modernization on health; cross-cultural variations in definitions of illness and therapies; and conflicts between health care systems.

0213. Topics in Cultural Anthropology (3 s.h.) F S SS

A variable topic course on issues and problems that are particularly salient in contemporary anthropology.

0215. Anthropology and Social Policy (3 s.h.) F

An examination of the place of anthropology within the policy community. The course also examines the development of the applied work within the history of anthropology, its changing meaning and changing clout within the discipline as "practicing anthropology" has been institutionalized in the last three decades. We will evaluate the efficacy of different types of work for progressive social change and examine the possibilities of how to make anthropological research matter more in relation to major public issues.

0220. Environmental Physiology (3 s.h.) S

Prerequisite: Anthropology 0125.

A survey of physiological and biochemical variability in human populations examined as a function of environmental adaptation. Emphasis on the responses of different populations to discernible environmental stresses.

0221. Peasant Societies (3 s.h.) S

This course will examine the growing importance of peasant studies for the development of anthropology. The political economy and social structures of peasantries cannot be understood, either historically or in their contemporary forms, in isolation from one another, the nation-states of which they form a part, and a basic understanding of certain elements of global political economy. Thus, peasants will be studied in the context of their articulation with broader social systems into which they are incorporated.

0222. Economic Anthropology (3 s.h.) F

Investigates the political economies of non-industrial societies how these are articulated with, transformed by, and incorporated into the modern world systems. Includes the history and development of theories of political economy on the one hand, and detailed studies of selected local and regional groups on the other. Although "tribal" and "peasant" economies have "internal" conditions of development, these cannot be fully understood without the wider context in which the majority of them exist and have always existed.

0224. Anthropology and Art (3 s.h.) S SS

An introduction to anthropological research on non-Western arts and the worlds they come from. By implication, it raises questions concerning Western arts and their social and cultural contexts. Topics considered include: comparative aesthetics, authenticity and "primitiveness," the commodification of art, tourist art, gender in the production and consumption of art, and the influence of non-Western art objects and performances on European and North American cultures. Cultural contexts explored will vary from semester to semester but some of the following will invariably appear: Aboriginal Australia, Bali, Eskimo/Inuit, Japan, Southwestern Native Americans (Pueblo and Navajo), Yoruba and other West African cultures.

0225. Political Anthropology: Traditional Societies and Modern States (3 s.h.) S

0226. Religion in Non-Western Cultures. (3 s.h.) F S

This course introduces some of the major themes, methods, and intellectual traditions of the study of religion in anthropology. Considered as a comparative study of religious practice, this course seeks to understand thought and behavior in worship, iconography, pilgrimage, domestic and congregational performance, mythology and cosmology, trance, dance, sacrifice, ritual experience and other dimensions of religious life as well as the way that these facets of religious culture interrelate.

0228. Comparative Social Organization. (3 s.h.) F

An introduction to the various social categories and groups found in human societies including: variation in marriage and the family, the role of kinship in establishing spatial and temporal links among human beings, age groups, castes, and class.

0233. Anthropological Film (3 s.h.) F

A review of major films styles useful for anthropological film and video in conjunction with an analysis of the role of film/video in anthropology. Topics will include relationships of anthropological and ethnographic films, the significance of historical and ideological contexts, values of research "footage" vs. "film," comparisons to indigenous video and feature films, and problems in the communication of anthropological theory and insight through film and video media. A broad range of ethnographic films will be screened to illustrate a progression of work and variety in relationships of theory, subject matter, cultural context, production techniques and style, and projected audiences.

0234. Anthropology in Feature Films (3 s.h.) F

Students will critically review a series of feature films that include topics, themes, and subject matter often treated within anthropology and related human sciences. It is clear that American feature films usually thought of as "Hollywood films" can be very influential in establishing or reinforcing social and cultural stereotypes of 'states of knowledge' about peoples living in various parts of the world. Viewership of these materials, either as films shown in movie theaters or as their videotape counterparts seen on home television screens, certainly exceeds the size of audiences in introductory anthropology courses in the U.S. The potential for influence and false senses of familiarity is enormous.

0237. Pictorial Lives (3 s.h.) S

We will critically review the anthropological relevance of written forms such as biography and autobiography and subsequently compare these spoken/written models to modern pictorial traditions of still photography, film, and videotape. The course will integrate such topics as personal narrative, storytelling, family folklore, construction of personal knowledge, and creation of social and collective memories. We will address a series of questions: How do ordinary people use cameras to communicate information about themselves to themselves? Why are snapshots important to the study of human cultures? How do ordinary people construct versions of their lives, create evidence of human existence, as well as maintain identities and cultural presence in their family albums? How can we understand these pictorial forms as "stories" that are told across generations? How are human lives transformed to be preserved and remembered in snapshots, home movies and home videotapes? How do these picture collections contribute to our memories?

0238. Visual Anthropology of Modern Japan (3 s.h.) S

An anthropological approach to systems of visual communication that are central to understanding Japanese society and culture. Visual sign systems of everyday life such as writing, food, and clothes plus visual aspects of popular culture such as comic books and ads. Ethnographic films, feature films, and network RV programs plus field trips to Japanese cultural sites in Philadelphia.

0239. Anthropology and Photography (3 s.h.) F

Prerequisites: Anthropology R060 or C061 and Anthropology 0158, or permission of the instructor.

A critical examination of an anthropological approach to photography. Special attention will be given to a socio-cultural history of photography in the U.S. Examples from documentary, fine art, and commercial photographic genres will be shown, discussed, and compared to ethnographic studies. Field methods, models of analysis, and ethical issues will also be included. Knowledge of camera technology and darkroom procedures is helpful but not required. Required readings, active class participation. No exams. Students keep a journal and write several short essays. (Sometimes this course is cross-listed with Art History or American Studies.)

0241. Indigenous Media. (3 s.h.) F

This course critically reviews the relationships between ethnographic film and indigenous forms of self-representation in video, film, photography and art. Native, minority, and elite visual texts from several societies will be compared with each other and with forms of pictorial representation in contemporary Western societies. The course first explores the emergence of non-professional models of indigenous expression in written forms focused on a reading of indigenous texts written by perceptive individuals. Second, we will examine pictorial forms by viewing and analyzing films and video programs made by indigenous individuals and associations. Examples will come from North and South America, Australia, and India, specifically the Navajo, the Inuit, the Kayapo, the Walpiri, as well as Indian and Tongan videography. Bio- and socio-documentary films made by American teenagers will be discussed; Anglo American examples such as snapshots/slides, family albums, and home movies/videos will also be included in an effort to provide a comparative focus and global perspective.

0242. Anthropology of Mass Media. (3 s.h.) F SS

The anthropological approach to the study of mass media industries, artifacts, audiences, technologies, and creators will be learned and demonstrated using examples of the major mass media (television, records, film, magazines, world wide web, etc.). The global variations of mass media forms are considered in cross-cultural contexts as well as the concept of "super media" and ideas about "global culture."

0248. Introduction to Primates (3 s.h.) F S

This course offers a survey of the living and fossil primates. It will look at the classification, behavior, and adaptations of living species from the level of the entire order down to the genus level. This comparative perspective will then be used to study the phylogeny of the order from its origins 60 million years ago to the present.

0255. Sex Roles in Cross-Cultural Perspective (3 s.h.) S

A cross-cultural survey of the ways in which gender is used to define roles and statuses, with particular attention to the changing nature of sex roles in many contemporary cultures.

0258. Anthropology of American Culture (3 s.h.) F S SS

0261. Peoples of Latin America (3 s.h.) S

Starting in 1492, Native American isolation from Europe and Africa ended in the region of the Americas that became Latin America. Despite five hundred years of colonial and nation-state domination, indigenous peoples in Latin America continue to assert their basic human right to resist cultural hegemony. Not only have indigenous populations survived, they are also growing. Today they constitute a majority in Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru and a substantial plurality in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia. The focus here is on this remarkable struggle for physical and cultural survival. Attention will be given to the lived experiences of people struggling for human dignity on the lowest strata of regional class structures. Issues of land rights, environmental, health, political, and economic self-determination will be examined.

0266. Urban America: An Anthropological Perspective (3 s.h.) S

0268. Peoples of the Pacific (3 s.h.) F

A survey of the cultures of Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia emphasizing the relationships between traditional and contemporary lifestyles.

0270. Early Comparative Civilizations (3 s.h.) F S

This comparative analysis of the rise of early civilizations uses archaeological and historical information to examine the development of ancient societies. It focuses on problems of the Neolithic revolution and the autochthonous transformation of kin-based communities into stratified societies and the subsequent formation and development of archaic states.

0272. American Culture in Japan (3 s.h.) S

0273. Japanese Culture (3 s.h.) F

Introduction to traditional and contemporary Japanese culture. Topics covered include: early literature, aesthetic principles as expressed in art and architecture, religion, gender roles, Japan's shifting relationships with the outside world, rural communities and urban centers in the 20th-century, and the construction of the self in modern Japan. (Cross-listed with Asian Studies 0253.)

0274. The Anthropology of Modern China (3 s.h.) S

Cross-listed with Asian Studies 0254.

This course provides an introduction to the culture and society of the contemporary People's Republic of China. The first half of the course explores the dramatic changes in both rural and urban sectors of Chinese society since the turn of the century, with a particular focus on post-1949 socialist transformations. The second half of the course examines such topics as gender and the status of women, ethnic minorities, religion and healing, the self and society, the party and the state, and P.R.C. narratives of modernity. Throughout, the P.R.C. will be examined as a society that embodies a distinctively Chinese synthesis of tradition and modernity.

W301. History of Anthropological Theory (3 s.h.) F S Core: WI

Prerequisites: At least two courses in anthropology or permission of instructor.

The development of anthropological thought from the mid-19th century to present. Major theoretical schools, such as evolutionism, historicism, functionalism, structuralism, cross-cultural methods, and the new ethnography.

0310. Field Work in Ethnography (3 s.h.) S

Considers the methodology employed and the problems encountered in conducting ethnographic fieldwork. Each student will be expected to design and carry out a local field project.

0313. Topics in Cultural Anthropology (3 s.h.) F S SS

A variable topic course whose content usually changes each time it is offered. Provides an opportunity for instructors and students to explore specialized topics of current interest. Recent topics have included: the development of Hispanic-American communities in the U.S.; women and literature in Heian Japan; ethnic communities in Philadelphia; and gender, literacy, and autobiography. Consult department chair or adviser for current topic.

0314. Agencies and Services in Philadelphia Communities (3 s.h.) S

This course includes a service learning component which offers undergraduates an opportunity to collaborate with a community-based program or agency and to explore how anthropologists work in applied settings. You will be placed in a community-based organization located within one of three neighborhoods in Philadelphia where you will be expected to spend 4 hours a week volunteering. In addition, you will have one major writing assignment (in addition to some shorter exercises) where you will be asked to write an analysis of your field experience as an anthropologist. You will keep a field journal of your experiences which the instructor will review on a regular basis. There will be some reading required in addition to your final report. At the end of the semester, agency directors and other community members will be invited to a session located at a community setting at which all participants will present their final reports orally.

0315. Problems in Cultural Anthropology (3 s.h.) F S

The relationship between ethnographic theory and various investigative methodologies. Analysis of various theoretical bases and data-gathering processes. Variable topic course whose focus will vary from semester to semester.

0317. Seminar in Environmental Archaeology (3 s.h.) F

0320. Field Session in Archaeology (3 s.h.) SS

Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

Techniques and concepts of field archaeology. Students will be expected to spend the greatest part of the session in the field during the excavation of prehistoric and historic sites.

0321. Methods in Archaeology (3 s.h.) F S SS

Prerequisites: Recommendations vary depending on course topic, check with instructor.

A series of practical, topical courses which deal with aspects of archaeological fieldwork and laboratory analysis. The topic or focus of the course varies by semester and includes: field methods; ceramic analysis; lithic analysis; soils and stratigraphy. Because the topic changes, students may take 321 more than once.

0322. Indigenous Media (3 s.h.) S

This course critically reviews the relationships between ethnographic film and indigenous forms of self-representation in video, film, photography and art. Native, minority, and elite visual texts from several societies will be compared with each other and with forms of pictorial representation in contemporary Western societies. The course first explores the emergence of non-professional models of indigenous expression in written forms focused on a reading of indigenous texts written by perceptive individuals. Second, we will examine pictorial forms by viewing and analyzing films and video programs made by indigenous individuals and associations. Examples will come from North and South America, Australia, and India, specifically the Navajo, the Inuit, the Kayapo, the Walpiri, as well as Indian and Tongan videography. Bio- and socio-documentary films made by American teenagers will be discussed; Anglo American examples such as snapshots/slides, family albums and home movies/videos will also be included in an effort to provide a comparative focus and global perspective.

W323. Topics in Human Development (3 s.h.) F S Core: WI

Anthropology 212:Medical Anthropology is recommended but not required as a prerequisite for this course.

This course is designed for advanced undergraduate students interested in understanding current issues in the field of sociocultural medical anthropology. In particular, we will examine the implications for contemporary medical anthropology of recent developments in the anthropology of knowledges and the anthropology of the body.

Note: This course meets the requirements of a capstone seminar for the Human Biology track undergraduate major.

W324. The Genetic Basis of Human Variation (3 s.h.) S Core: WI

Explores the hereditary variation in our species and its special relationship to disease incidences and susceptibilities. Emphasis on contrast between adaptations of traditional societies to infectious disease loads and contemporary societies with degenerative disease loads, and the genetic susceptibilities concerned.

0325. Biocultural Adaptations in Human Populations (3 s.h.) F

An evaluation of adaptation, selection, and ecological concepts as the bases for models integrating human biology and culture, and for explaining change.

0326. Methods in Physical Anthropology (4 s.h.) F S SS

Prerequisite: Anthropology 0125 or consent of the instructor.

Advanced undergraduate students will have the opportunity to develop individual research projects in biological anthropology, utilizing materials in the department collections and from department expeditions. Students will be introduced to problems in research design, sampling theory, research paper writing, and commonly used statistical techniques in biological anthropology, and will apply them in their project analyses.

0327. Physiological Basis of Human Variation (3 s.h.) F S

Prerequisite: Anthropology 0125 or consent of the instructor.

A survey of physiological and biochemical variability in human populations examined as a function of environmental adaptation. Emphasis is placed on the responses of different populations to discernible environmental stresses.

0334. Anthropological Problems in Visual Production (3 s.h.) S

Note: A lab fee may be necessary depending on the extent of each semester's assignments.

The introduction of visual recording techniques to a sample of problems in the anthropology of visual communication. Discussions will include ways anthropologists construct problems, develop observational strategies, select appropriate image-making technology, work in field conditions, among others. Strategies of representation connected to the integration of cultural and film theories will be explored in conjunction with a wide range of film examples. Students will be introduced to the department's production facilities and do short exercises in image making, viewing, and interpretation.

0335. Advanced Problems in Production (3 s.h.) S

Recommended prerequisite: Anthropology 0334

This course concentrates on the enhancement of production skills and on the application of more complex technologies to making anthropologically significant texts. Significance will be given to why certain techniques vary and are more appropriate when films and other visual texts pursue different objectives. Readings and assignments will focus on text-making strategies by acknowledging underlying ideologies and conventions as related to relationships between alternative rationales, strategies, and choices. Students will undertake video assignments experimenting with different kinds of information and pictorial formats. Editing equipment will be used to illustrate assignments.

0355. Gender Theory (3 s.h.) S

Recommended prerequisite: Anthropology 255, Sex Roles in Cross-cultural Perspective, or the equivalent.

This course explores anthropological literature on gender as a means of exposing hidden assumptions about power, language, and social action. Emphasis is on the development of critiques of theoretical paradigms used to analyze gender.

0361. Contemporary Perspectives in Urban Anthropology (3 s.h.) F

Examines the development of urban anthropology from the early debates of the 1970s to redefinitions in the 1980s. The emerging paradigm of intensive studies of local social processes within larger macrostructural contexts is the focus.

W380. Seminar in Evolutionary Biology (3 s.h.) F S Core: WI

An in-depth review of the synthetic theory of evolution and special topics in evolutionary theory. Emphasis will be placed on human evolution, human bio-cultural adaptation, and evolutionary biology.

0392 - 0393 - 0394. Independent Study (2 - 3 s.h.) F S SS

Prerequisite: Agreement by faculty member to supervise student's work.

Directed reading and research on a specific anthropological topic. Does not count toward major requirements in anthropology.