HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN AMERICA
PHOTOS & ILLUSTRATIONS
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Aaron Lopez, Ship owner and philanthropist, 1731-1782 (courtesy eyesofglory.com) Moses Michael Hays, Merchant, 1739-1805
(courtesy eyesofglory.com) Commodore Uriah Phillips Levy, USN, 1792-1862 (courtesy US Navy)
Solomon Nunes Carvalho, painter and photographer, 1815-1897
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Haym Salomon, Financier and patriot, 1740-1785
Judah Touro, Merchant and philanthropist, 1775-1854 (courtesy eyesofglory.com) Isaac Leeser, Journalist, editor The Occident, 1816-1868
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Rebecca Gratz, Philanthropist, 1781-1869 (Library of Congress (LOC), Prints & Photos Division)
Rebecca Machado Phillips, spouse of Jonas, 1746-1831
(courtesy AJHS) Mordechai Manual Noah, Politician and newspaper editor, 1785-1851
Rabbi David Einhorn, 1809- 1879
(courtesy AJHS) |
Zecharias Frankel, Jewish theologian, 1801-1875
Jacob Frankel, 1st Jewish Chaplain US Army, 1808- 1887 (United States Army Chaplain Center and School)
Bernhard Felsenthal, Reform Rabbi, 1822-1908
Ernestine Rose, reformer and suffragist, 1810-1892
Leopold Karpeles, Congressional Medal of Honor winner and merchant, 1838-1909 (courtesy homeofheroes.com) Rosanna Dyer Osterman, Philanthropist, 1809-1866 (courtesy jewish-history.com)
Julius Meyer in front of his store, Omaha, Nebraska, about 1875, 1839- ???? (courtesy of
Jacob Riis, Photographer and Reformer, 1849-1914
Moses Jacob Ezekiel, VMI Cadet Class of 1866, 1844-1917 |
August Belmont, financier; U.S. Minister to the Netherlands, 1816-1924
Joseph Newmark & Family 1st Jewish lay leader in Los Angeles, 1800's (Courtesy of Linda Levi, descendant http://homepage.mac.com)
Michael Heilprin, writer, scholar, 1823-1888 (courtesy jewish-history.com)
Judah Benjamin, Politician and lawyer, 1811-1884
(courtesy AJHS)
Marcus Spiegel, Colonel Union Army during the Civil War, 1829-1864 (courtesy Smith County Historical Society)
Isador Straus, Founder of Macy's department store and politician, 1845-1912 (courtesy library UVa) Abraham Rice, 1st Ordained Rabbi in the United States, 1802-1862 (courtesy Harriet's Family Tree)
Sabato Morais, Sephardic Jewish leader, Hebraist, poet, historian, lecturer and teacher, 1823-1897
(courtesy AJHS)
Edward S. Salomon, governor of Washington Territory 1870-1, 1836-1913 (courtesy HistoryLink.org)
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Raphael Moses, chief supply officer for the Confederate Army, 1812-1893 (courtesy New Georgia Encyclopedia) Rabbi M. J. Raphall, 1798-1868 (courtesy Shalom E. Lamm)
David Levy Yulee, a Delegate and a Senator from Florida, 1810- 1886
(courtesy bioguide.congress.gov)
Isaac J. Levy, 46th Virginia Infantry CSA, 1843-64
(courtesy Beth Ahabah Museum)
Ezekiel J. Levy (brother of Isaac), Captain, Confederate States Army, b?-1908 (courtesy American Jewish Adolph Sutro, Mayor San Francisco, 1830-1898
Levi Strauss, Clothing manufacturer, 1829-1902
Emma Lazarus, poet, 1849-1887
Edward Rosewater, Omaha Bee newspaper publisher, 1841-1906 (courtesy NebraskaStudies) |
Isaac M. Wise, Reform Rabbi, founded the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Hebrew Union College, and the Central Conference of American Rabbis, 1819-1900
Solomon Schechter, Rabbi & First President JTS, 1850-1915
(courtesy AJHS)
banker and philanthropist, 1847-1920
Cyrus Adler, Rabbi, scholar, and Educator, 1863-1940
Leo Frank, Jewish- American factory manager turned the spotlight on led to founding of the 1884-1915 Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, Gangster, 1897-1944
Joachim Prinz, Rabbi & civil rights advocate, 1902-1988 (courtesy joachimprinz.com) Leonard Bernstein, conductor and composer, 1918-1990
Albert Einstein, scientist developed theory of relativity, 1879-1955
Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer, MGM Studios, 1879-1974 George Gershwin, Composer, 1898-1937 Betty Friedan, author & champion of Women's Rights, 1921-2006
The Four Marx Brothers: Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Zeppo-comedians & movie actors
Col. David (Mickey) Marcus, military adviser to Ben-Gurion, 1902-48 (courtesy mfa.gov.il)
David Ben Gurion, 1st Prime Minister of Israel, 1886-1973 ADM Hyman Rickover, "Father of the nuclear US Navy", 1900-1986 (US Navy)
Abraham Joshua Heschel, Rabbi & theologian, 1907-1972
Abraham Beame, 1st Jewish Mayor of New York, 1906-2001
Max Baer, World Heavyweight champion 1934-35, 1909-59
Ira Eisenstein, rabbi, founder of the Jewish Reconstructionist movement, founding president of Reconstruc- tionist Rabbinical College, 1907-2001 (courtesy Reconstructionism Today) Milton Berle, Show business, 1908-2002 Shimon Peres Prime Minister of Israel 1984-1986 and 1995-1996 1986-1988; 1992-1995; 2001-2002, (1923-) (courtesy mfa.gov.il)
Gloria Steinman, Feminist and Women's Rights leader, 1924-
Joe Lieberman, US Senator Connecticut, made history when Al Gore chose him to be his Vice Presidential running mate in 2000, 1942- Arlen Spector, US Senator, Pennsylvania, 1930-
Amy Eilberg, 1st woman ordained as a Conservative Rabbi, 1985
Sandy Eisenberg Sasso, Rabbi and author
Sandy Koufax, Baseball pitcher, 1955-66 Brooklyn & LA Dodgers, 1935-
Steven Spielberg, movie producer, 1946- (Universal Picts & MCA Records) Mitch Albom, Sport journalist & author, 1958-
Mark Spitz, US swimmer, won 7 gold medals Munich Olympics 1972, 1950-
Gary Ackerman, New York Congressman, 1942- (http://www.house.gov/ackerman/)
Saul Bellow, Nobel Prize in Literature, 1915-2005
Larry Brown, Basketball coach, 1940-
Benjamin Cardin, Maryland Congressman, 1943-
Susan Davis, California Congresswoman, 1944- (http://www.house.gov/susandavis) Eliot Engel, New York Congressman, 1941- Tom Lantos, Holocaust survivor, California Congressman, 1928- Carl Levin, Michigan Senator, 1934- (brother of Sandy)
Linda Lingle, Governor of Hawaii, 1953- Nita Lowey, New York Congresswoman, 1937- Arthur Miller, Playwrite, 1915-2005
Cynthia Ozick, Writer, 1928- Natalie Portman, Actress, 1981-
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Henry Morgenthau, Jr., 52nd Treasury Secretary, served 1934-1945; 1891-1967.
(courtesy ustreas.gov)
Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl, Father of Zionism, (courtesy www.mfa.gov.il) Henrietta Szold, Zionist,philanthropist and founderof Hadassah, 1860-1945 (courtesy Jewish Agency) Louis D. Brandeis, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1916-1939); 1856- 1941
(courtesy AJHS)
Samuel Gompers, Labor leader, 1850-1924
Joseph Isaac Schneersohn, Rabbi & 6th Rebbe (spiritual leader) of Chabad Lubavitch, 1880-1950 Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Orthodox Rabbi, 7th and last Rebbe (spiritual leader) of Chabad Lubavitch, 1902-1994 Stephen Wise, Rabbi, Zionist and Social Reformer, 1874-1949 (LOC) David Dubinsky, Labor leader, 1892-1982
Louis B. Mayer, movie producer, MGM Studios, 1885-1957
Abe Fortas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1965-1969 (1910-1982)
Emma Goldman, writer and anarchist, 1869-1940
Sholom Aleichem, writer, Fiddler on the Roof, 1859-1916
Judah L. Magnes, Rabbi, Chancellor & President of Hebrew University, 1877-1948
Ira Gershwin, Lyricist, 1896-1983
Fanny Brice, Comedian, actress, 1891-1951
Moe Berg, Baseball player & spy, 1902-1972
Bella Abzug, lawyer, feminist, activist, US Congresswoman, 1920-1998 Golda Meir, Israel's 3rd Prime Minister 1969-1974 (1898-1978)
Ben Hecht, Screenwriter, Zionist, 1894-1964
Arthur J. Goldberg, U. S. Supreme Court Justice, 1908-1990 (Courtesy www.oyez.org) Yitzhak Rabin, IDF Chief of Staff, Prime Minister of Israel 1974-1977 & 1992-1995; 1922-1995
(courtesy maf.gov.il)
Jack Benny, Radio & TV entertainer, 1894-1974
Molly Picon, Star of Yiddish stage and screen, Hollywood, 1898-1992 (courtesy AJHS)
Sammy Davis Jr., Actor, 1925-90
Shari Lewis (born Phyllis Hurwitz), Puppeteer & actress, 1934-98
Lauren Bacall, Actress, 1924-
Shulamith Firestone, Feminist author, 1945-
Judith Resnik, Astronaut, 1949-1986
Barbara Boxer, US Senator California, 1940-
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, US Supreme Court Justice, 1933-
William Shatner, actor, 1931-
Shawn Green, Baseball player, 1972-
Paula Abdul, Singer, 1963-
Steven A. Ballmer, Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft Corporation, 1956-
Eric Cantor, Virginia Congressman, 1963-
Norm Coleman, Senator Minnesota, 1949- Russell Feingold, Wisconsin Senator, 1953- Frank Lautenberg, New Jersey Senator, 1924- (http://lautenberg.senate.gov) Sandy Levin, Michigan Congressman, 1931- (brother of Carl) Bernard Marcus, founder Home Depot, 1929
Benjamin Netanyahu, former Prime Minister of Israel, 1949- Sarah Jessica Parker and Matthew Broderick, Actors Chaim Potok, Writer, 1929-2002 (George Widman / Associated Press) |
Joseph Spiegel, founder Spiegel's mail order company, 1840-1918 (courtesy Smith Country Historical Society)
Lillian Wald, nurse and reformer, 1867-1940
Albert Michelson, 1st American Nobel Prize winner 1907, 1852-1931
Abraham Cahan, founder the Forward, 1860-1951
Meyer Lansky, Gangster, 1902-83
Irving Berlin, composer & musician, 1888-1989
Mordecai M. Kaplan, founder of Reconstructionist Jewry, 1881-1983 (courtesy of the Reconstructionist
Jacob Blaustein, diplomat and industrialist, 1892-1970 (courtesy Blaustein Philanthropic
Bernard Baruch, US "elder statesman" and presidential advisor, 1870-1965 Arthur Hertzberg, Rabbi, educator and activist, 1921-
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1932-1938(1870-1938)
Felix Frankfurter, U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1939-1962 (1882-1965)
Moshe Feinstein, Orthodox (Jewish Law), 1895-1986
Fiorello LaGuardia, Mayor New York City, 1882-1947 (nndb.com)
Hank Greenberg, Hall of Fame baseball player, 1911-1986
Abraham A. Ribicoff, Representative and Senator from Connecticut, 1910-1998 (courtesy bioguide.congress.gov) Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (1915-1953) and Julius Rosenberg (1918-1953) who were tried, convicted, and executed for spying for
Menachem Begin, 6th Prime Minister of Israel, 1913-1992 (courtesy MFA) Selman Abraham Waksman, discoverer of streptomycin, first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952, 1888-1973
Henry Kissinger, 56th U. S. Secretary of State 1973 to 1977 (1923- ) Jonas Salk, Polio vaccine, 1914-1995
Albert Sabin, creator of the oral Polio vaccine, 1906-93
J. Robert Oppenheimer, "Father of the Atomic Bomb", 1904-1967
Sholom Carlebach, Rabbi, musician, 1925-1994 Ed Koch, former Mayor of New York, 1924-
Burt Bacharach, Music composer & playwrite, 1924-
Dianne Feinstein, US Senator, California, 1933-
Stephen Breyer, US Supreme Court Justice, 1938- Sally Priesand, first woman ordained in America by HUC in 1972, 1946- Michael Schwerner, one of three civil rights workers killed in Mississippi in 1964, 1943-1964 Andrew Goodman, one of three civil rights workers killed in Mississippi in 1964, 1943-1964 Esther Pauline Friedman Lederer , a.k.a. Ann Landers, Advice columnist, twin sister of Dear Abby, 1918-2002
Josephine Esther Mentzer a.k.a. Estee Lauder, Cosmetics, 1908-2004
Natan Sharansky, former "refusenik", member of Israel's government, 1948- (courtesy mfa.gov.il)
Murray Friedman, founding director Feinstein Center for American Jewish History at Temple University, 1928-2005
Shelley Berkley, Nevada Congresswoman, 1951- Howard Berman, California Congressman, 1941- Michael Bolton, Musician, 1954-
Michael Chertoff, Secretary for Homeland Security, 1953- Rachel Dratch, Actress, 1966-
Fran Drescher, Actress, 1957-
Bob Filner, California Congressman, 1942 (http://www.house.gov/filner/) Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Writer and Feminist, 1939- Tony Randall, Actor, 1920-2004
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Dr. Theodor Herzl was the founder of
political Zionism. Born in Budapest in
860, he wrote extensively to make the
world aware of the need for a Jewish
state. He convened the first Zionist
congress and negotiated with many
world leaders. Herzl died in 1904.
Shalom Alekhem was the pseudonym of Shalom
Rabinovich, a Yiddish novelist and humorist. He
created the character of Tevye, the milkman, from
"Fiddler on the Roof".
Henrietta Szold was active in assisting
Jewish immigrants to the United States.
Visiting Palestine in 1909, she decided
that health, sanitation, and welfare
work were necessary prerequisites for
Zionist development and in 1912
organized Hadassah, the Women's
Zionist Organization of America. In the
1930's she was made in charge of social
welfare, and was especially active after
the fall of the Nazi's in resettling Jewish
youth in Israel as a part of Youth Aliyah.
Abba Hillel Silver was a U.S. Rabbi and Zionist
leader. Born in Lithuania, he was taken to the
U.S. as a child. He was the rabbi of The Temple
in Cleveland, Ohio, and also served as head of
many Jewish and Zionist organizations. Silver
was one of the chief Zionist spokesmen before
the United Nations in the Palestine hearings of
1947.
Click here for a very insightful web site aboutRabbi Silver and The Temple-Tifereth Israel by
Arnold Berger of Cleveland.
Chaim Weizmann was a chemist, Zionist leader,
and first president of the State of Israel. Born in
Pinsk in 1874, Weizmann studied and taught
chemistry throughout Europe. Involved with
world Zionist organizations, he met with many
world leaders to bring about the Balfour
declaration. He came to Palestine in 1918, and
later established the important educational
institutions Hebrew University of Jerusalem and
the Weizmann Institute before his death in 1952.
Golda Meir was born in Kiev, Russia and was
brought to Milwaukee as a child. She settled
in Palestine in 1921, where she was active in
Labor Zionism. She held important posts in the
Histadrut and then in the Israeli government.
She became Israel's first female Prime Minister
in 1969. She traveled to America often to raise
funds and promote awareness of Israel.
Click here to reach a website all about Golda Meir.
David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was an orator,
prolific journalist, and Israeli statesman. Born
in Plonsk, Poland, he joined the Zionist
movement early and came to Palestine in 1906.
After studying law in Constantinople, he returned to Palestine where he was expelled soon by the Turks. He lived in the United States until 1918 and was active in Labor Zionist politics and organizing volunteers. A chairman of various Zionist executives, it was his leadership that was largely responsible for the implementation of the U.N. resolution of 1947 recommending the establishment of the State of Israel. He served as Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Israel.
German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate Albert Einstein, best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for his bold hypothesis concerning the particle nature of light. He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. After 1919, Einstein became internationally renowned. He accrued honors and awards, including the Nobel Prize in physics in 1922. Einstein capitalized on his fame to further his own political and social views. The two social movements that received his full support were pacifism and Zionism. After the war his continued public support of pacifist and Zionist goals made him the target of vicious attacks by anti-Semitic and right-wing elements in Germany. When Hitler came to power, Einstein immediately decided to leave Germany for the United States. He took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey. While continuing his efforts on behalf of world Zionism, Einstein renounced his former pacifist stand in the face of the awesome threat to humankind posed by the
Nazi regime in Germany. After the war, Einstein continued his active support of Zionism but declined the offer made by leaders of the state of Israel to become president of that country.
Leonard Bernstein was born and lived in the Boston area. He studied both at Harvard and the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Bernstein led the New York Philharmonic Orchestra for many years and produced numerous recordings with them, most notably "West Side Story" and "American in Paris". Bernstein made his first visit to Israel in 1947 and began series as guest conductor for the Israel Philharmonic which lasted throughout his life. Many of Bernstein's works were of a Jewish theme, including Symphony #1- "Jeremiah", Symphony #3- "Kaddish", and "Hallil" (Flute)-
in memory of an Israeli flautist who fell in the Yom Kippur War.
Ernest Bloch was born in Geneva. His father was a clock maker and merchant. Bloch studied composition and music, first in his hometown and later in Belgium, Germany and France. He first wrote works with no particular Jewish connection. Later, in 1913, he began writing works on Jewish themes, and by 1916 had written the orchestral works "Trois Poemes Juifs, the "Israel Symphony", and "Schelomo"- a rhapsody for cello and orchestra. In 1916 he emigrated to the United States where he directed music conservatories in Cleveland and San Francisco. In the 1920's he composed his famous work "Baal Shem" for violin and piano and in the 1930's his major creation "Avodat Hakodesh" (Sacred Service) for cantor, choir and orchestra. On his works with Jewish themes he said, "I am Jewish and strive to write Jewish
music...this does not mean I have to use Jewish folktunes...but I have an authentic Jewish feeling inside of me. This feeling is, of course, buried at the root of all my serious music, and serves as a faithful expression both of the Jewish people as a whole, and of the individual Jew".
Arthur Rubinstein was born in Poland in
1887. He was a piano player loved the
world over. Visit the website of the Arthur Rubinstein International Music Society
The Zionist Organization of America is the oldest, and one of the largest, pro-Israel organizations in the United States. Founded in 1897 to support the re-establishment of a Jewish State in the ancient Land of Israel.
Yitzhak Rabin was Israel's Prime Minister in the 1990's, up until his tragic assassination in November, 1995. Millions mourned this great man who lived to bring peace to all the people of the Middle East. He won the Nobel Peace Prize. Yitzhak Rabin was born in Jerusalem in March, 1922. His father, Nehemiah, had immigrated to
Israel from the United States, and served as a volunteer in the Jewish Legion in World War I. His mother, Rosa, was one of the first members of the Haganah. Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a lone assassin on Saturday, November 4, 1995, shortly after speaking at a peace rally in Tel
Aviv's Malchei Yisrael Square, which has now been renamed Yitzhak Rabin Square.
Ilan Ramon was the first Israeli astronaut on the Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-107) that was launched on January 16, 2003. The seven astronauts died on February 1, 2003, when Columbia broke apart during reentry into the atmosphere over Texas on its way to Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The "Hanukkah Stamp", the first stamp to be jointly issued by Israel and the United States, was launched on Tuesday, October 22, 1996.
Communications Minister Limor Livnat said: "For the first time, a stamp has been jointly issued with the State of Israel's greatest friend - the United States. This is an additional expression of our special relationship, the American people's esteem and appreciation for the Jewish religion and culture, and the two countries' shared
commitment to each other. There is no holiday more deserving than Hanukkah to be commemorated in a stamp by two great democracies. It symbolizes the freedom of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, which is the same freedom which provides the basis for American democracy."
The stamp has a drawing of a colorful menorah (special Hanukkah candelabra) with
the Hebrew phrase - "A great miracle happened here" - on the tab. The Souvenir
Leaf shows two stamps, one American and the other Israeli. The stamp is unique in
that it is the first Israeli self-adhesive stamp.
All of the following stamps were issued by the United States
Postal Service. Who were these individuals/events and why
were they honored with a stamp? Did you ever realize just
how many Jewish Americans have been honored with a stamp?
Holocaust Memorial Museum postal card
Brandeis University postal card Ellis Island Immigration Museum postal card
Burial plot of Mordechai Sheftall and sons, Laurel Grove Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia
(photo courtesy of http://www.civilwaralbum.com)
Commemorative plaque honoring Francis Salvador,
1747-1776, First Jew in South Carolina to hold
public office
"First Jew In South Carolina To Hold Public Office And To Die For American Independence"
"He came to Charles Town from his native London in 1773 to develop extensive family landholdings in the frontier district of Ninety Six. As a deputy to the provincial congresses of South Carolina, 1775 and 1776, he served with distinction in the creation of this state and nation. Participating as a volunteer in an expedition against Indians and Tories. He was killed from ambush near the Keowee River, August 1, 1776."
"Born an aristocrat, he became a democrat; an Englishman, he cast his lot with America; true to his ancient faith, he gave his life for new hopes of human liberty and understanding."
"Erected at the time of the bicentennial celebration of the Jewish community of Charleston, 1950."
"Approved by the Historical Commission of Charleston, S.C."
(Plaque by Historical Commission of Charleston, S.C.)
Called the "First Citizen of Texas" by U S President Woodrow Wilson, Rabbi Henry Cohen, an internationally known humanitarian, was born in London, England. He came to Galveston in 1888 as spiritual leader of Congregation B'nai Israel and served for 64 years until his death.
In 1869, he married Mollie Levy and they had two children after the disastrous storm of 1900. Texas Governor, Joseph D Sayers appointed Rabbi Cohen to head the Central Relief Committee, from 1907 until World War I. He helped shiploads of immigrants become settled in cities around the country. During World I, he was instrumental in influencing Congress to provide Jewish Naval Chaplains. Appointed to the Texas Prison Board by Governor Dan Woody, Rabbi Cohen introduced measures for more humane treatment of prisoners. He assisted New York slum residents in moving south. He fought for social justice for persons of all faces and creeds. He helped foster the spirit of brotherhood and inherent goodwill existing in Galveston today. When Rabbi Cohen died, the commissioners Court of Galveston County called him one of this country's greatest humanitarians and spiritual leaders.
1. Western synagogue which is labeled
"First Temple, Tenth and Minnesota Streets"
2. A stone synagogue "EMANU-EL" with
Moorish windows & domes
3. This looks like a small town of log
cabins across the river from a forest
4. A two-story fancy clapboard synagogue
labeled "1st synagogue, Omaha, Nebraska 1884"
The New Colossus, from Emma Lazarus' Copy Book, 1883
Emma Lazarus wrote "The New Colossus" in 1883 for an art auction "In Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund." While France had provided the statue itself, American fundraising efforts like these paid for the Statue of Liberty's pedestal. In 1903, sixteen years after her death, Lazarus' sonnet was engraved on a plaque and placed in the pedestal as a memorial.
(courtesy AJHS)
Letter from President Theodore Roosevelt to Jacob Schiff on the 250th
Anniversary of the Settlement of the Jews in the United States (courtesy AJHS)
Chaplain/Rabbi Aryeh Lev leading services for American Jewish service personnel during World War II (courtesy AJHS)
American Jewish service personnel holding a prayer service in Korea
Menauhant Hotel on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, advertisement 1906."We have no HEBREW patronage". (courtesy AJHS)
Talmud Bavli, masehet Pesahim, published by the Va'ad Agudat Rabbanim, in the American section of Germany, with the assistance of the military government of the United States in Germany, 1949. Copies like this example were given to Holocaust survivors.
Free Soviet Jewry bumper stickers (courtesy AJHS)
Protest Rally on behalf of Soviet Jewry
Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe 1100 - 1500
(Photo Courtesy 
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